ÂÌñÏ×ÆÞ

In 1859, Thomas Austin imported 24 wild rabbits from England and released them into the Victoria, Australia, countryside to provide animals for sport hunting. The rabbits, doing what rabbits notably do, multiplied voraciously, destroying vegetation and crops as they spread north and west across the continent. With no natural predators in Australia, the rabbit population rose to an estimated 10 billion by the late 1920s. The world’s longest rabbit fence, stretching 1,138 miles/1,831 km from north to south in Western Australia, was erected with only limited success. Although Austin’s intentions might have been good, the outcome was anything but.

Such stories exemplify the proverbial law of unintended consequences, in which what is believed to be a simple solution to a problem runs into a complex system of interactions that leads to a negative outcome. A more recent example is regulation that drives the production of ethanol as a fuel additive to reduce oil imports, but then drives up the demand for corn, resulting in higher food prices.

Featured Content

Automated Composites Knowledge Center READ MORE

Market report: Composites and carbon fiber in hydrogen storage READ MORE

Troubleshooting thermoplastic composite stamp forming READ MORE

Some argue that government regulations always have detrimental consequences, but one only has to visit Shanghai, China, to be reminded that the 1970 Clean Air Act in the U.S. has been a positive for our major cities. There was considerable gnashing of teeth and claims of economic peril in the wake of the law’s passage, but out of the law arose a lot of new pollution-control technology, both for automobiles and smokestack industries. The composites industry benefitted because of the inherent corrosion resistance of polyesters and vinyl esters used in scrubbers and effluent piping.

In the composites industry, we have seen several decades of regulations targeting styrene, out of concern about air pollution and suspected carcinogenic toxicity. Styrene is an extremely important and cost-effective reactive diluent for polyester and vinyl ester resins, enabling the low viscosities needed to promote flow, sprayability and wetout of fiberglass and other reinforcements. Legislation, starting with California’s Proposition 65 and the later U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards, was met initially by strong opposition from the composites industry supply chain, citing large reductions in industry employment and loss of competitiveness against foreign rivals that aren’t restricted by such legislation.

Having observed the long-term effects of these regulations, I am firmly of the opinion that their consequences have been mostly positive, well beyond worker safety and reduction of VOCs. How? The quality and performance of composites produced with polyesters and vinyl esters have greatly improved, making composites ever more competitive against traditional materials, such as wood, concrete and metals. I’m not sure these advances would have been achieved if the industry hadn’t been pushed out of its comfort zone.

Take, for example, the large-scale migration from open molding to closed molding, in particular, the growth of vacuum resin infusion (in all its various forms and acronyms). Rather than thick, resin-rich parts made by chopper guns and manual rolling, today’s boats, bridge decks, wind turbine blades and pollution-control systems incorporate structural multidirectional fabrics and use less resin, yielding thinner, lighter and stronger structures. A whole industry has developed to support large-part infusion, resulting in greater competitiveness and new jobs. Where open molding is still preferred, sprayup is done by robots following a preprogrammed path. The result is less part-to-part variation and less resin use. Styrene contents of 45 percent used to be standard. Reformulation and new chemistries have reduced this to 25 to 30 percent in many cases. Filament winding, pultrusion and compression molding also have benefitted from these new resins. Workers are better protected, fewer VOCs are emitted, and the industry is more competitive.

We have all of the above thanks to an industry full of talented scientists and engineers, and the future of styrene-diluted composite resins looks positive. But there is still one major battle to fight: the listing of styrene as a suspect carcinogen in the 12^th Report on Carcinogens (ROC), issued by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Fortunately, through the excellent efforts of the American Composites Manufacturers Assn. (ACMA, Arlington, Va.) and other industry groups, the National Research Council (Washington, D.C.) has agreed to conduct a peer review of the NTP’s listing. Here is a situation where we should not err on the side of caution. Instead, we should trust the real science that shows styrene is safe, and I am optimistic that the right outcome will prevail.

And that rabbit problem in Australia? Through the introduction of virus-carrying insects starting in the 1950s, today’s population is estimated at 200 million, a 98 percent reduction since 1930. It’s one more example of good science and innovative technology meeting the challenge.