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FRP pipe systems have proven to be an effective means of combating corrosion in high-pressure gas service and water systems, including CO₂ injection wells, oil and gas producing wells, waterflood injection wells, brinewater/chemical disposal wells, and transportation pipelines. But FRP is also used to line otherwise corrosion-vulnerable steel pipe. Duoline Technologies (Gilmer, Texas) manufactures glass fiber-reinforced epoxy liner sleeves (see photo) for downhole steel tubing used in oil and gas production wells. The liner is filament wound using a continuous helical pattern to increase tensile and hoop strength. The glass is saturated with a proprietary aromatic amine resin formulation. To protect against encapsulated air pockets on the liner’s bodywall, Duoline cures its liners by applying internal heat to a hollow mandrel. The company, which reportedly has installed more than 100 million ft/30.48 million m of pipe lining over its 40 year history, recently introduced its D-350 liner product, which is reportedly temperature resistant up to 350°F/117°C.